Comprising over 150,000 natural findings and manmade artifacts, the ISPRA collections are now grouped into 3 sections: Paleontological Collections, Litho-Mineralogical Collections, and Historical Collections.
The earliest collections, established in the second half of the 1800s, have steadily grown through the ongoing survey of Italian territory, acquisitions, and donations.

Historical Collections feature objects of various types that document the history and activities of the Royal Geological Office over the years:
– 17 historical geological models made to accompany the Geological Map of Italy.
– Technical instrumentation for surveying, study and research activities (consisting of around 240 instruments).
– Documentation, works of art, and relics such as busts, paintings, medals, and lithographic stones.

Paleontological Collections consist of 4 areas:
– The General Collection (ca. 76,000 specimens), consisting primarily of invertebrates of Italian origin.
– Historical Collections (ca. 20,000 specimens), comprising, among others, nearly all the Museum’s Type Fossils, trilobites, echinoderms, ammonites, bivalves, gastropods, reptiles, and fish.
– The Vertebrate Collection (ca. 3,000 specimens), consisting primarily of Pleistocene mammal finds from Latium, Tuscany, and Sicily.
– The Plant Collection (ca. 600 specimens), composed of plant fossils from Italian and international locations.

Litho-Mineralogical Collections are divided into:
– Lithological finds (ca. 32,800), principally associated with the Geological Map of Italy Collection.
– Mineralogical finds (ca. 3,100), divided into the Systematic Mineralogy Collection, the Mining Deposit Collection, the Maresca Collection, and the Zolezzi Collection.
– Building and Decorative Materials, which include the Pescetto and De Santis Marbles Collections, the Italian Marbles Collection, and the Collection of Artistic and Ornamental Samples.